One of the most significant cities in the Indian subcontinent, Amritsar is deeply intertwined with the Sikh religion and the region of Punjab. Its exact origins are well documented in Sikh history, as the city was founded in 1577 by Guru Ram Das, the fourth Guru of Sikhism. Originally named Ramdaspur as an homage to its founder, the city was later renamed Amritsar - Pool of Nectar.

Guru Ram Das envisioned the city as a spiritual center for Sikhs, and his successor, Guru Arjan Dev, completed the construction of the Harmandir Sahib - Golden Temple and its surrounding pool, which gave the city its name. This sacred tank became a focal point for Sikh worship, drawing people from across the region.

In its early days, Amritsar grew as a spiritual and cultural hub for Sikhs, and the city was soon fortified under the sixth Guru - Guru Hargobind. Amritsar became a center of Sikh power, with the establishment of the Akal Takht - the highest seat of earthly authority in Sikhism, symbolizing the integration of both spiritual and worldly concerns.

The 17th century saw periods of tension and conflict between the Sikhs and the Mughal Empire. Sikh Gurus, particularly Guru Arjan Dev and Guru Tegh Bahadur, faced persecution under the Mughal rulers, leading to increased animosity between the Sikhs and the empire. Guru Arjan Dev was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, which further fueled the Sikh community's resistance to Mughal oppression.

The city of Amritsar became a symbol of resistance during this period, and it was during the late Mughal era that the foundations of Sikh militarization were laid. Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh Guru, formalized the Khalsa - a warrior community that defended the Sikh faith in 1699, further solidifying Amritsar’s significance regarding Sikh strength and resilience.

Amritsar’s importance grew exponentially in the 18th century, particularly during the rise of the Sikh Confederacy. Amritsar was of great significance to the Bhangi and Singhpuria Misls, their capitals located around the areas of Sialkot and Gujranwala (the Singhpuria Misl came before the Sukerchakia, but their territories overlapped in certain areas).

All the Misls united under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire, who captured Amritsar in the early 19th century. Under Ranjit Singh’s rule, Amritsar flourished as both a political and cultural capital of the Sikh Empire. The Golden Temple was further embellished during this time, including the addition of its iconic gold-plated exterior.

Ranjit Singh established Amritsar as the spiritual heart of his empire, while his administrative capital was in Lahore. This period is considered a golden age for the city, marked by peace, prosperity, and religious tolerance.

The fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849, after the defeat of the Sikh forces in the Anglo-Sikh Wars, brought Amritsar under British rule. The British Raj introduced modern administrative systems, education, and transportation infrastructure. However, the British era was also a time of great unrest for Amritsar, particularly due to its symbolic importance in the Sikh community.

One of the most tragic events in Amritsar’s history occurred in 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh, where British troops, under General Reginald Dyer, fired on a crowd of unarmed civilians, killing over a thousand people. This sent shockwaves throughout India and is considered a pivotal moment in the Indian independence movement. The event solidified Amritsar’s role in resisting British colonial rule and spurred further calls for independence.

The 1947 Partition was a time of immense upheaval for Amritsar. The city, located near the newly drawn border with Pakistan, was a focal point of communal violence between Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims. Amritsar witnessed some of the worst riots and mass killings during Partition as religious tensions flared in the wake of the division of Punjab.

With the creation of Pakistan, Amritsar’s twin city, Lahore, became part of Pakistan, while Amritsar remained in India. The city experienced a massive influx of Sikh and Hindu refugees fleeing from what was now Pakistani Punjab, while much of its Muslim population migrated to the other side of the border. The demographic, social, and cultural make-up of the city was dramatically altered during this period, with Amritsar emerging as a predominantly Sikh and Hindu city.

Today, Amritsar is one of the largest and most significant cities in the Indian Punjab, with over 1.4 million residents. The city remains a spiritual epicenter for Sikhs, with the Golden Temple attracting millions of pilgrims and tourists each year. The temple’s Langar - community kitchen, serves free meals to thousands of visitors daily, embodying the Sikh principles of equality and service.

Amritsar’s economy is driven by tourism, agriculture, and industry. The city is known for its textile production, handicrafts, and food processing industries. The traditional Punjabi spirit of hospitality and resilience is evident in Amritsar’s bustling streets.

Amritsar is not just a city; it is a living testament to the resilience and spirituality of the Sikh faith, a city that has withstood the trials of history while remaining a beacon of hope and devotion. From its founding by a Sikh Guru to its role in India’s struggle for independence, Amritsar’s journey through history is a story of faith, resistance, and renewal. Today, it stands as a center of Sikhism. The city where past and present coexist in perfect harmony, and where every corner tells a tale of heritage, culture, and perseverance.

Until our paths cross in Gurdaspur - Trish Saab