Officially founded in 1763 by Baba Ala Singh - the first Maharaja of the Patiala dynasty, from which the southeastern Punjabi city gains its name. Baba Ala Singh laid the foundations of the city during a period of considerable political turmoil, as various Sikh Misls (confederacies) contested for power over the region. While the territory around Patiala had an older history, Baba Ala Singh’s leadership established Patiala as the capital of a powerful Sikh state. The city takes its name from the royal family and the region it governed.

In the late 18th century, Patiala grew in prominence under the Maharajas - Note that this was different bloodline of Maharajas to those who governed over central Punjab. The Maharajas of Patiala were important regional rulers with a stronger connection to the British Raj, and the rulers of central Punjab governed a larger and more unified Sikh Empire which resisted (and was eventually defeated by) the British Raj. During this time the region become an important military and political centre in the Sikh Confederacy. The construction of key fortifications, most notably Qila Mubarak, played a vital role in defending the city against invaders, including Afghans and Marathas. Patiala’s rulers forged crucial alliances, particularly with the British East India Company, which secured the city’s political standing during a time of significant regional instability. These alliances proved critical as the British began to extend their influence in Punjab.

During British rule in the 19th century, Patiala’s loyalty to the British, especially during the Anglo-Sikh Wars, ensured the continuation of its independence as a princely state - similar to Bahawalpur (although some key differences exist between the Patiala Maharajas and Nawabs of Bahawalpur). The rulers of Patiala were granted a high degree of independence, allowing them to modernise the city. The development of infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and educational institutions, helped Patiala prosper. One of the most notable projects was the establishment of Mohindra College in 1870, one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in North India. Patiala also gained cultural prestige during this time, with the development of the Patiala Gharana, one of the foremost schools of Hindustani classical music, under the royal family’s patronage.

Patiala’s economy relied greatly on the agricultural output of the region during the 19th and early 20th centuries, benefiting from the fertile lands surrounding the city. The rulers of Patiala encouraged the cultivation of cash crops - agricultural crops grown to generate a profit, enhancing the region’s wealth. Additionally, Patiala became known for its artisans, who produced intricate handicrafts, textiles, and jewelry that contributed to the city's reputation as a cultural centre.

Patiala’s relationship with the British remained strong until India's independence. While the royal family remained loyal to British rule, the city was not immune to nationalist sentiment. Several residents, intellectuals, and students were active participants in the freedom movement. When the Partition of India occurred in 1947, Patiala’s Maharaja, Yadavindra Singh, chose to accede to the newly independent Indian Union in 1948. This marked the end of Patiala’s status as a princely state, and it was integrated into the Indian state of Punjab.

Following Partition, Patiala saw a significant demographic shift as refugees from West Punjab (modern-day Pakistan) settled in the city. Many of these refugees brought with them artisanal and business skills, contributing to the diversification of Patiala’s economy. While not as heavily industrialized as Ludhiana, Patiala developed a small-scale industrial base, particularly in textile production and agricultural machinery.

Today, Patiala is home to over 700,000 residents and is recognised for its educational and cultural contributions. The establishment of Punjabi University in 1962 solidified Patiala’s role as an academic hub in Punjab. Additionally, the city’s healthcare sector has expanded, with several hospitals and research institutions enhancing its reputation as a regional healthcare center.

Patiala retains strong ties to its royal heritage, with many of its historical palaces, forts, and gardens preserved as symbols of its rich past. Cultural traditions, including the Patiala Gharana of classical music, are still celebrated today. The city is also known for its distinctive contributions to Punjabi fashion, such as the Patiala salwar, and the iconic Patiala turban, which remains a symbol of pride and identity.

Patiala today reflects a blend of tradition and modernity, having withstood the challenges of history—from colonialism to Partition. It continues to play a vital role in Punjab’s educational, cultural, and economic landscape, drawing on its rich historical legacy and entrepreneurial spirit.

Until our paths cross in Sangrur - Trish Saab